The forum is an annual convening organised by the Africa Clean Air Network. It is a regional platform for knowledge exchange and fostering collaborations on evidence-driven clean air actions in Africa. This year's forum attracted participation from over 47 countries and was formally opened by the South African Deputy Minister of Environment. The four-day forum featured several topics, including data-decision pathways, investment for clean air, community engagements and air quality monitoring and data infrastructure (earth observation, sensing, machine learning and modelling, and science-policy collaborations. Details on the 

As a network co-facilitator, I co-led the organising committee to deliver both the scientific and logistical planning of the forum.

Africa Clean Air Forum, Pretoria 2026

London Climate Action Week, 2026

For the fourth year in a row, I was privileged to join the UNFCCC, annual climate change conference (COP 29), both as part of the technical delegation for the government of Uganda and as a keen advocate of advancing climate science using science diplomacy.

As with previous COP events, there were several highlights ranging from the negotiation rooms, side events and advocacy interests.

The withdrawal of Argentina's delegation just three days into COP29 was not only a major headline but served as an important reminder of the intricate links between domestic politics in individual member states and global agendas. More articles on Argenrtina's unceremonial withdrawal was published in several news outlets inclduing 

Similarly, another critical question was the potential uncertainties around climate policy priorities for the incoming US administration, especially given the major policy differences within the local political landscape.

In her remarks during a press event, the US Energy Secretary, Sec. Jennifer Granholm said, "Clean energy transition is happening no matter what happens in the White House. The global community will step up and fill any void in leadership". The tonne offered reassurance to the global climate community on the role everyone plays in tackling climate change as a shared problem.

I also gave a key presentation on the role of data, capacity and local leadership in Africa during the African Parliamentary Session on 

Strengthening Africa’s Climate Leadership, Unpacking NDC’s, Climate Finance and Resilience

My presentation highlighted four key points

Africa has the potential to provide scientific leadership on climate action

We can leverage emerging technologies to develop sustainable climate data solutions

Local leaders can/should champion community mobilisation on the climate agenda

Cross-regional collaborations through thematic regional communities of practice like the

 can advance meaningful multilateral partnerships for climate action

The session ended with the endorsement of the COP29 joint communique to the ministers by the African parliamentary delegation.


COP29, Baku, Azerbaijan

I had a rare opportunity on behalf of AirQo to have bilateral engagements with colleagues at the 

Department of Energy & Environment (DOEE)

Our discussions covered key areas of mutual collaborations in Africa, partly anchored on the recent developments including the adoption of the UNEA 6/10 resolution on regional cooperation for improved air quality for which the US played a key role, the AQMx, a global resource exchange platform and the Africa clean air programme. 

I also had an opportunity to visit one of DC's air quality monitoring sites

 
Embracing air pollution as a shared problem enables meaningful cross-border knowledge sharing and collaborations. 


The Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs

 is providing incredible leadership through the global communities of practice. 

These engagements are part of our ongoing collaborations with the US lead agencies on advancing global capacity to tackle urban air pollution.

Bilateral meetings with the US EPA, Washington, DC

CCAC and UNGA: Initial funding commitment for the Africa Clean Air Program

I was invited to participate in the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) Ministerial held on the margins of the UN General Assembly. The CCAC Ministerial is an annual high-level meeting of ministers representing focal institutions of CCAC state partners, and heads of non-state partner institutions including International NGOs, intergovernmental organisations, and UN Agencies. I represented AirQo as a non-state partner since the first ministerial at COP28, in Dubai, in 2023. This year’s ministerial also comes against the backdrop of the recently adopted UNEA 6/10 resolution on regional cooperation for clean air for which AirQo was a key player. 

Our intervention acknowledged the incremental progress by the CCAC partners in tackling air pollution, particularly the recent adoption of the UNEA-6/10 resolution, in addition to highlighting how our broad-based collaboration through the CLEAN-Air Network, is advancing regional collaborations for clean air actions in African cities, as seen with the incredible success of this year’s CLEAN-Air Forum in Lagos which brought together over 80 policymakers and over 200 global experts from 31 countries. An excerpt of the AirQo intervention will be published on the CCAC website

Another key highlight of the ministerial was the launch of the funding for the Africa clean air programme announced by Dr Nkiruka Maduekwe, Director General of Nigeria’s National Council for Climate Change.

The Ministerial ended with the adoption of the New York "Now We Can: Supercharging Action on Super Pollutants" Communique with three commitments

Tackling super pollutants, with existing and cost-effective measures to help avoid the worst of the climate crisis and clean the air we breathe.

Working together, across both the public and private sectors and across all levels of government, to lower superpollutant emissions from key sectors.

Catalyzing climate finance to support action on super pollutants, e.g. including by integrating SLCP mitigation measures in the design of NDCs and urgently scaling up investments from all sources in this critical area.

For over seven days, several climate-related activities including meetings, conferences and workshops attracted a global audience. Cities are the engines of global economies and mayors often have to confront the choices, seen as a delicate balance between protecting livelihoods and conserving the environment.  A city like New York offers a unique forum to meaningfully interrogate the realities of climate in an urban context.

I had the privilege to directly participate in events at the NEST Climate Campus that sought to unpack some of the intricate climate issues including showcasing some of the progressive and green technological innovations.

UN General Assembly and New York Climate Week, New York, 2024

 brought together communities of practice in Africa to promote knowledge sharing, collaborations and multi-regional partnerships while particularly emphasizing the need to strengthen regional networks for sustained interventions.

The Lagos forum followed the successful inaugural convening in Kampala, 2023, and sought to further collective efforts in advancing collaborations and multi-regional partnerships for clean air actions in African cities. The forum was configured to achieve the following objectives

Map the policy landscape across Africa and data needs to advance evidence-informed policy development for air quality management

Take stock of participatory air quality initiatives across African cities against the Kampala meeting commitments

Define the data ecosystem and best practices for utilising low-cost air quality sensor networks and digital solutions in the African contexts

Foster knowledge-sharing and stakeholder collaborations to advance the science-policy interface and public awareness on air quality

Explore sustainable funding avenues for air quality initiatives in African cities

For the second year in a row, I was honoured to lead the coordination efforts working with a diverse team of esteemed global experts to deliver the CLEAN-Air Forum. 

The forum brought together over 80 policymakers in addition to over 230 global experts. This year's forum demonstrated the value of transdisciplinary collaborations and multi-regional partnerships for clean air actions.

CLEAN-Air Forum, Lagos, 2024

Courtesy call to the U.S Consulate, Lagos

Project mission to University of Lagos

Air quality collaborations with the U.S State Department and U.S Diplomatic posts across Africa

Courtesy call to the U.S Embassy Yaounde

Air quality resolution on regional cooperation

The sixth session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-6)

I was privileged to participate in the COP28 processes as an accredited party delegate from Uganda. This is my third time participating in the COP processes as an accredited party

At COP, I was following technology development and transfer as a core thematic area, in addition to co-leading several side sessions that sought to unpack the complex COP processes, as pathways to action.

I also supported several high-level plenary sessions including the Ministerial meeting on Urbanisation and Climate, the COP28 Presidency on technology graced by the UNEP Executive Director, and the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) co-chaired by H.E John Keyy, the U.S Special Presidential Envoy on Climate. During the CCAC Ministerial, AirQo also delivered the first statement as a full non-state partner of the CCAC.

I was particularly honored to co-lead a session that hosted the Acting Assistant Secretary, and head of the Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and Scientific Affairs from the U.S Department of State. This is Part of our ongoing collaborations with the State Department on building Capacity for the communities of practice for air quality in Africa.

COP28, Dubai, Nov.-Dec, 2023

The workshop brought together all the air quality project leads from all Department of State-funded projects under the air quality programme. I am coordinating the implementation of the State Department Funded project in 5 African countries.

The State Department Air Quality Program was established in 2018 to strengthen and catalyse actions on air quality by foreign governments, the private sector, and international organizations. The programme incentivizes the passage and implementation of high-standard air quality laws, regulations, and programs in other countries that can improve health outcomes in the U.S and abroad, while leveling the playing field for U.S. air pollution monitoring and control technology providers. Since its inception, the program has mobilized over 11 million dollars in funding, supported 18 projects, and operated in over 50 countries.

Workshop: Global Action on air quality, Duke University, North Carolina, U.S.A

Air Sensors International Conference Ghana (ASIC), Accra, Ghana 

Advancing Climate and Health in Africa: the 

I presented at the prestigious Chapman conference, hosted by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) that brought together experts, researchers, and policymakers from diverse backgrounds committed to addressing the nexus issues of climate and health in Africa.

From the impact of extreme weather events on vulnerable communities to the role of climate change in the spread of infectious diseases, the conference offered valuable insights into the continent's specific challenges and ongoing research interventions across different contexts.

More importantly, the meeting highlighted the different funding mechanisms to support research and interventions on resilience, adaptation strategies, while recognising the value of integrating local and indigenous knowledge and expertise for developing effective climate and health policies.

My talk on the theme of climate data focused on ‘adapting low-cost sensor data for modelling and health impact studies in Africa’ which underscored the need for prioritising investments in data infrastructure across different spheres of climate action, while building capacity for data integration to support action.

Engaging in discussions with experts from diverse disciplines opened new avenues for collaboration and knowledge exchange. These connections are invaluable for fostering interdisciplinary research and amplifying the impact of collective efforts in addressing climate change and its health implications in Africa.


AGU Chapman on Climate and Health for Africa, Washington, D.C, June, 2023

Cover photo: During a visit to the White House

I am thrilled and incredibly honoured to be nominated for the prestigious International Visitor's Leadership Programme (IVLP), hosted by the U.S State Department. This unique opportunity focuses on cultivating U.S-Africa relations, specifically on Climate Resilience and Health Security.

Meeting with Federal government officials at the State Department Building

As an advocate for environmental sustainability and improved public health, I believe that addressing global challenges requires collaboration and knowledge exchange. This IVLP provides a platform for emerging leaders to engage with experts, policymakers, and fellow participants from both the United States and Africa. By coming together, we can discuss strategies to tackle the pressing issues of climate change and health security.

At the National Institute for Health (NIH) headquarters

By fostering dialogue and building bridges between Africa and the United States, we can work towards strengthening collaborative efforts on climate change mitigation, sustainable development, and healthcare system improvements. I am particularly excited for the unique opportunity to share a platform with diverse experts in the United States, drawn from Federal government to the communities who are tackling the different aspects of climate disasters across the United States.

Meeting with the district amdinistration of the indigenous community in Tucson, Arizona

Spending time with an American family in Scottsdale, Arizona

My nomination for the IVLP's Cultivating U.S-Africa Relations on Climate and Health Security is a tremendous honor and opportunity, and a stepping stone in my journey to make meaningful contributions to addressing the global challenges of our time. My aim is to use this IVLP to deepen my understanding of the intricate relationship between climate change and health security, and the practical solutions that can be implemented in diverse communities.

Highlights from one of the engagements at the state department

Nominated for the U.S State Department Visitor's Programme

I am excited to share my scientific research activities and outputs from my work with a multidisciplinary team of researchers and experts globally. My research activities and outputs have contributed to advancing the scientific knowledge base as follows (up-to-date list on my 

Scalable framework for air quality data infrastructure

Sserunjogi, R., Ogenrwot, D., Niwamanya, N., Nsimbe, N., Bbaale, M., Ssempala, B., Mutabazi, N., Wabinyai, R.F., 

. and Bainomugisha, E., 2025, October. Design and Evaluation of a Scalable Data Pipeline for AI-Driven Air Quality Monitoring in Low-Resource Settings. In 

International Conference on Software Engineering and Data Engineering

 (pp. 212-231). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

Le, S., Checkley, W., Dudley, L., Ssuuna, J., Ndyanabo, A., Bainomugisha, E., Ssematimba, J., Sserunjogi, R., Okedi, D., 

. and Kagaayi, J., 2025. Calibration of Low-Cost sensor data for ambient PM2. 5 monitoring across urban and rural settings in South central Uganda. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2025.102580

Bainomugisha, E., Adrine, P., Busigu, F., Nshimye, A., Birungi, M. and 

, 2024. AI-driven environmental sensor networks and digital platforms for urban air pollution monitoring and modelling. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socimp.2024.100044

. Design Considerations for a Distributed Low-Cost Air Quality Sensing System for Urban Environments in Low-Resource Settings. Atmosphere2023, 14, 354. 

Stoddart, C., Shrack, L., Sserunjogi, R., Abdul-Ganiy, U., Bainomugisha, E., 

, Misener, R., Folch, J.P. and Sedgwick, R., 2023. Gaussian Processes for Monitoring Air-Quality in Kampala. 

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.16625

., Ogenrwot, D., Adong, P., Muyama, L., Nsimbe, N., Bbaale, M. and Bainomugisha, E., 2022. Seeing the air in detail: hyperlocal air quality dataset collected from spatially distributed AirQo network. Data in Brief, 44, p.108512. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108512

. and Sserunjogi, R., 2022. Applying machine learning for large-scale field calibration of low-cost PM2. 5 and PM10 air pollution sensors. Applied AI Letters. 

Kassandros, T., Bainomugisha, E., Vohra, K., 

., Kirenga, B., Bagkis, E., Pope, D., Karatzas, K. and Matthaios, V.N., 2026. Towards long-term air quality monitoring in Africa and the use of machine learning, low-cost monitors, reference instruments and satellite data to estimate the burden of disease–The case of Kampala, Uganda. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2026.102785

Lsoto, D., Clarke, K., Li, Y., McCord, A., Patz, J.A., 

, Ndyabakira, A., Ayen, D.O. and Coker, E.S., 2026. The Legacy of Colonial‐Era Urban Planning on Present Day Air Quality Disparities in Kampala, Uganda. 

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Chua, S.D.X., Oguge, O., Oliewo, C.A., Sserunjogi, R., 

., Adong, P., Manyele, A., Hussein, T., Yang, Y., Lu, X. and Lehtipalo, K., 2025. East African City Centers Show Lower PM2. 5 Levels than Their Suburbs. 

Environmental Science & Technology Letters

. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00451

 Bainomugisha, E., Ogenrwot, D., Sserunjogi, R., Adrine, P. and Okello, G., Case Study of Participatory Data-Driven Approaches to Improve Urban Air Quality in Kampala, Uganda. 

, Guttikunda, S.K., Sserunjogi, R., Adong, P., Dammalapati, S.K., Lsoto, D., Green, P., Bainomugisha, E. and Xie, J., 2025. Integrated air quality information for Kampala: analysis of PM 2.5, emission sources, modelled contributions, and institutional framework. 

, Green, P., Sayyahi, S., Adong, P., Sserunjogi, R., Bainomugisha, E. and Pope, F.D., 2024. The impact of urban mobility on air pollution in Kampala, an exemplar sub-Saharan African city. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102057

Okello, G., Nantanda, R., Awokola, B., Thondoo, M., 

 Tatah, L., Bainomugisha, E. and Oni, T., 2022. Air quality management strategies in Africa: A scoping review of the content, context, co-benefits and unintended consequences. Environment International, p.107709. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107709 

, Adong, P., Sserunjogi, R. and Bainomugisha, E., 2022. Exploring PM2. 5 variations from calibrated low-cost sensor network in Greater Kampala, during COVID-19 imposed lockdown restrictions: Lessons for Policy. Clean Air Journal, 32(1), pp.1-14. 

https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2022/32/1.10906

, Ssematimba, J., Sserunjogi, R., Gracia, N.L., Soppelsa, M.E. and Bainomugisha, E., 2022. Characterization of Ambient Air Quality in Selected Urban Areas in Uganda Using Low-Cost Sensing and Measurement Technologies. Environmental Science & Technology. 

Sserunjogi, R, Kamkuemah, M., Nsimbe, N., Bbaale M.,

Citizen science insights on air quality in 3 cities

As a scientific expert, I have directly contributed towards the development and adoption of frameworks for advancing science and policy. Some of the notable outputs are listed below:

, Mkhize, S. and Pant, P., 2025. CLEAN-Air Forum 2025: Fostering Africa-led partnerships for clean air solutions. 

https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2025/35/2.24946

 Bainomugisha, E., Ogenrwot, D., Sserunjogi, R., Adrine, P. and Okello, G., 2025. Case study of participatory data-driven approaches to improve urban air quality in Kampala, Uganda. 

Uganda’s National Environment (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, 2024

UNEA 6/10 Resolution: 6/10. Promoting regional cooperation on air pollution to improve air quality globally. Scientific advisor for Uganda

EAS 1047:2022, Air Quality – Vehicular exhaust emission limits. Scientific expert and designated deputy head of the delegation for Uganda

World Bank, 2020. Pollution Management and the Making of Prosperous Cities. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. 

Advancing cross-border collaborations and transdisciplinary synergies

I have convened and participated in the following international conferences, workshops and meetings to foster transdisciplinary dialogue within the global communities of practice, while fostering dialogue between science and policy

Co-chair scientific and steering committees: 

Session convener: UN Climate Conference, COP28, Dubai

Research and Innovation (SRI), (2022), Pretoria, South Africa

Air Sensors International Conference (ASIC) Ghana, 2023

Part of the National Delegation for the UN Climate Change Conference in Sharm El-Sheikh (2022), Dubai (2023) and Baku (2024)

Global action on air quality workshop, organised by the US State Department (2023 and 2024)

Air Pollution and Health in East Africa, 2023

Advancing participatory air quality management for urban health in Lagos

. Inaugural knowledge-sharing and co-creation workshop

Air Sensors International Conference (ASIC)

UN Climate Conference, COP26, Glasgow, 2021

: Optimal data framework for large-scale application of low-cost sensor networks in African cities

: The Legacy of Colonial-era Urban Planning on Modern-Day Air Quality Disparities in Kampala, Uganda

: Can low-cost air quality data be adopted for modelling and health impact studies in African cities

: Data management in resource-limited settings: Unpacking the role of robust digital solutions for air quality data management in African cities

: Use of Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors and Satellite Observations in Uganda for Improved Air Pollution Exposure Assessment

: Ambient Air Quality in Uganda: Leveraging Advances in Low-Cost Technologies for Sustained Monitoring

As a climate and air quality expert, I conducted regulatory environmental investigations for the oil and gas industry, an emerging sector in East Africa. I was specifically involved in the environmental impact assessments for oil field development and the 1,445 km crude oil pipeline as follows:

Tilenga oilfield development: Impact assessment

East African Crude Oil Pipeline (1,445 km) Impact Assessment

I am leading a wide range of research and policy engagements focusing on designing new air quality networks for cities in Africa, estimating air pollution sources for urban areas, co-designing management strategies in Africa, developing city action plans, and contributing to air quality regulation development, among others. I contribute to training the next generation of future scientists through direct research supervision of student research from undergraduate to post-doctoral fellows. I am also an active volunteer as a reviewer of academic manuscripts for journal publications.

I am always open to exploring new research collaborations. Do not hesitate to get in touch for any collaboration opportunities, or share feedback on any research output. Thank you for taking the time to learn about my work.

Publications

I coordinate research and global partnerships at AirQo, an Africa-based interdisciplinary research group championing new approaches for tackling air pollution in Africa. In this capacity, I also contribute to training the next generation of future scientists through direct co-supervision of undergraduate and postgraduate student-led research projects. I also support the co-designing and implementation of post-doctoral research projects

The AfriCAN is a regional platform that unites partner institutions across borders, disciplines and sectors to advance clean air actions in Africa. The network was launched in 2023 and now convenes more than 100 partner institutions from Africa and globally. As a co-facilitator, I oversee the day-to-day activities of the network, serving as the bridge between the network and global partners.

 School of Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom (

Scalable data-driven framework for strengthening local air quality governance towards implementing national air quality regulations in Uganda (

). Grant from the Energy Policy Institute of the University of Chicago (EPIC Air Quality Program)

AirQount: Autonomous vehicle emissions estimation system for low-resource cities

The African Engineering and Technology Network (AFRETEC) solicitation on 

BUILDING RESEARCH CAPACITY TO ADVANCE THE INCLUSIVE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF AFRICA

  The U.S Department of State the CFP (NOFO) Air Quality Management Community of Practice in Africa

Member core-stakeholder network (2021-2022): 

 (GA 870301). Worldwide analysis and forecasting of atmospheric composition for health

Deputy head of delegation, Uganda (2021-)

. Technical committee for developing East African Air Quality Standards

 Developing the National Air Quality Regulations for Uganda.

: Improving our understanding of air quality and climate

Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Institute for African Development Seminar Series

 Centre for African Studies Summer School. University of Florida.

the Institution of Environmental Sciences (IES)

Institute of Air Quality Management (IAQM)

Appointments

 brings together geoscientists from all over the world covering all disciplines of the earth, planetary, and space sciences, to provide a platform where professionals especially early career researchers, can present their work and discuss their ideas with experts in all fields of geoscience.


This year's  EGU (EGU23) General Assembly was held between 23 and 28 April in Vienna, Austria, and welcomed over 18,831 registered attendees, with over 15,453 in-person participants from over 100 countries and over 3,000 joining online from over 100 countries. The assembly uniquely offered vast opportunities for early and mid-career scientists, with over 57% of the abstracts identified as contributions from Early Career Scientists (ECS).

Our paper (presented by one of the co-authors Daniel Ogenrwot, PhD student), on 

custom digital platforms for data management in resource-limited settings

 was one of the 16,357 presentations made in the 938 sessions.  In this paper, we present the case for a robust custom digital platform for managing IoT-based sensor networks for sustainable environmental monitoring in data-hungry cities. We particularly demonstrate the scalability of the 

, for managing large-scale low-cost sensor networks in African cities.

The EGU annual general assembly remains the largest and most prominent European geosciences event.

European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, April 2023, Vienna (Austria) 

Championing Livable Urban Environments through African Networks for Air (CLEAN-Air Africa): Launchpad for regional collaborations in Africa

The V.C Makerere University, Kampala Lord Mayor, and U.S Ambassador Rep. accompanied by University and city leaders (Photo: AirQo)

Between April 3rd and 5th 2023, the AirQo Project of Makerere University hosted the CLEAN-Air workshop in Kampala, Uganda. The workshop was hosted in partnership with convening partners, including the Air Quality Monitoring Research Group (AQMRG) from the University of Lagos and Urban Better Lab Innovation Africa, University of Pretoria, Kampala Capital City Authority, Wold Resources Insitute, Stockholm Environment Insitute, and the National Environment Management Authority, the Health Effects Institute (HEI).

E.D National Environment Management Authority openng the CLEAN-Air Workshop (Photo credit: AirQo)

This workshop brought together air quality stakeholders and researchers from over 16 cities in Africa, 

and I was honoured to chair the scientific and organising committee for the CLEAN-Air workshop

increase its members’ understanding of low-cost air quality sensor networks and digital solutions as new approaches for air quality management in the African cities; foster city-city and policy-research collaborations and increase awareness of contextual issues of air quality for better health outcomes’

Some of the stakeholders at the collocation site at Makerere University head of the plenaries on day 2.

A light moment with the guests (Eng. Asiimwe J. & Eng. Asiimwe C) during the CLEAN-Air launch

At the engagement, the AirQo Project launched Africa’s first air-quality mobile App that enables an individual to access with ease air quality information from any part of monitored spaces in Africa.

U.S Embassy Kampala Rep. giving a keynote during the launch event of CLEAN-Air. (photo credit: AirQo)

The CLEAN-Air Africa network will serve as a ‘

platform for Africa-led collaborations and partnerships to foster research and sustainable interventions in air quality management to achieve cleaner air across the continent

’, and could turn around Africa’s capacity and approaches to managing its air quality. Read more details about the CLEAN-Air launch from the 

CLEAN-Air Africa Workshop and Launch, April, 2023, Kampala

Air quality experts convene to discuss air pollution and health in East Africa

Deo Okure, PhD

My Latest

Africa Clean Air Forum, Pretoria 2026

London Climate Action Week, 2026

COP29, Baku, Azerbaijan

Bilateral meetings with the US EPA, Washington, DC